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US policy and Yemen: Balancing realism and reform on the Arab periphery
Jeremy M Sharp
Published in
Daily News Egypt
on 01 - 11 - 2006
In an ironic turn of events,
Yemen
s September 20 presidential and local elections garnered extensive favorable coverage by the normally critical Al-Jazeera, while they received only scant attention from the US government, heretofore eager to highlight any sign of reform in Arab states.
Why did US officials refrain from highlighting what many foreign observers have praised as successful elections? Possible explanations include a return to traditional priorities in which security interests supersede democracy promotion, a calculated US effort to promote Arab reform more quietly, or simply an oversight due to other distractions.
Yemen
, a resource-poor Arab country situated at a healthy distance from the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is a crucible of sorts for US attempts to strike a balance between reform and other goals. US-
Yemeni
bilateral security and intelligence cooperation has been, and remains, the top US priority.
Since the 2000 Al-Qaeda attack on the USS Cole, the
United States
has helped
Yemen
build its coast guard to patrol the Bab Al-Mandab and to meet an Al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist threat that recent events demonstrate to be very real. On September 19, the day before the elections,
Yemeni
security forces thwarted two terrorist attacks against oil installations in the northeastern region of Maarib and on the Gulf of Aden coast at Dhabba.
In
Yemen
, the
United States
also faces the challenges of mixing encouragement and criticism of Arab regimes liberalization efforts and of deciding how to deal with Islamists. This is also true in
Morocco
and parts of the Gulf, where US officials are quietly urging liberalization. US policy toward engaging certain Islamist movements is left somewhat vague - perhaps deliberately so - but there are efforts being made to maintain contacts with moderate, non-violent Islamist factions.
In
Yemen
members of the Islah party (a coalition of old guard Muslim Brotherhood members, Salafists, and tribes) appear to welcome dialogue on reform and have participated, along with other
Yemeni
political parties, in programs sponsored by the US-based National Democratic Institute. Still US officials exercise caution, as the leader of the Salafist strain of Islah, Shaykh Abd al-Majid al-Zindani, has been designated as a US Specially Designated Global Terrorist by the US Treasury Department for his alleged role in providing financial support to Al-Qaeda operations and recruitment.
The
Yemeni
presidential election was about more than just esoteric notions of political reform; it was about the real issue of presidential succession. As in
Egypt
, where speculation abounds over the grooming of Gamal Mubarak for succession, there is widespread concern among
Yemen
s opposition parties over the prospect of President Ali Abdullah Saleh s 37-year-old son Ahmed inheriting the reins of power. This fear was among the main motivations that brought
Yemen
s diverse opposition parties - socialists, Islamists, and Baathists - together in this year s elections. In a recent
Washington
Post interview, opposition presidential candidate Faisal bin Shamlan (who received 21 percent of the vote) remarked that "We subordinated our ideological agendas to the one thing we all had in common, which was a realization that political reform was a necessity if we were to save democracy in
Yemen
and stop the country s descent into endemic corruption.
President Saleh s victory surprised no one; he is a populist leader who appeals to the everyman, and the ruling party s overwhelming resource advantage helped him considerably.
Despite opposition allegations of fraud, foreign observers released preliminary conclusions that the election was relatively free and fair with the typical shortcomings seen in developing nations: there were breaches in voting secrecy, underage voters, and a number of inaccuracies in the voting registry. US government officials were clearly encouraged by the relatively smooth election, believing that process is important despite imperfections.
The key policy question now is whether the
Yemeni
government will derive any tangible benefits from holding the election. In November 2005, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) suspended
Yemen
s eligibility for assistance under its Threshold Program, concluding that after
Yemen
was named as a potential aid candidate in fiscal year 2004, corruption in the country had increased.
Yemen
can reapply in November of this year.
Despite the upcoming MCC decision,
Yemen
remains largely absent in public US policy discussions regarding democratization. Regime-manipulated political reform is but one malady in a long list of
Yemen
s socio-economic problems. The country is still recovering from civil war and re-unification, and it has enormous social challenges including endemic poverty, high rates of illiteracy, and water depletion.
Yet, in a sense, the general lack of US attention to
Yemen
in itself creates opportunities. Unlike US relations with more strategically important countries such as
Egypt
, US-
Yemeni
relations are not under a microscope, giving policymakers on the ground flexibility and freedom to experiment.
Jeremy M. Sharp is a Middle East policy analyst at the Congressional Research Service. This commentary is reprinted with permission from the Arab Reform Bulletin, Vol. 4, Issue 8 (October 2006) www.CarnegieEndowment.org/AbabReform © 2006, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
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